Si un administrateur peut coller ce sujet à la suite de celui déjà ouvert, merci d'avance. J'ai quant à moi quelques soucis...
Schreibersite[1], du pétrole abiotique[2], Tungunska et les NEOs [3], Stonehenge[4], Velikovski, des gaz nobles[5], le catastrophisme[6] et finalement la vie. Y aurait-il un point commun entre tous ces éléments et notamment cette affaire de Nibiru? Les pièces d'un puzzle s'emboîteraient pour donner l'image d'une réalité qui nous aurait été confisquée par une minorité d'enfoirés? Et si finalement nous étions les descendants d'humanités passées dont les dijecta membra seraient les mythes et légendes de nos ancêtres, les vestiges de notre passé, dont la terrible histoire aurait été occultée pour masquer une indicible réalité. Il n'y a pas deux siècles, expliquer qu'une pierre pouvait tomber du ciel vous faisait passer pour un illuminé (comme aujourd'hui s'exprimer sur les ETs). Le sujet est depuis devenu chaud, très chaud. Certains précurseurs l’avaient pourtant pressenti. Un certain Velikovski en passant en revue les textes anciens s'était rendu compte que toutes les cultures de la planète contenaient dans leurs histoires les marques de cataclysmes récurrents. Et si Stonehenge était un observatoire (cosmic impact early warning system) afin d'anticiper les chutes d'aérolithes? Et si les peintures de Lascaux indiquaient un refuge lors de ces pluies catastrophiques comme d'ailleurs toutes ces cavernes occupées à l'age de bronze?
Un catastrophisme façonnant la vie, apportant dans un premier temps les ingrédients du vivant, ce cocktail de l'intelligence à venir, puis de façon cyclique, éradiquant les développements tératogènes de celle-ci ou plus simplement les êtres qui auraient oublié leur lien avec le ciel? Une étape à franchir même dans le pire pour s'accomplir. Mais pour la passer et pour se préparer, il faut partager! Et que les confiscateurs de la connaissance soient damnés.
Paroles d'une humanité retrouvant sa dignité
Nous sommes les bâtisseurs des mondes du coeur
La peur ne sera jamais notre moteur
la connaissance est notre essence,
l'amour sans détour est le vecteur du toujours.
Transperçant le réel de notre altérité
nous combattons sans aménité la cruauté
pour faire jaillir liberté, égalité, fraternité
sur le fronton du pont cirven de l'éternité
entre l'esprit et la matière
nous fendons les coeurs de pierre
dans un acte de guérison à l'unisson
pour sauver les âmes à l'abandon.
Chevaliers spirituels de l'éternel,
rebelles et fidèles, dans la lumière charnelle
nous exprimons notre ciel dans l'étincelle.
[1] Schreibersite:
Une possible explication du taux important de phosphore sur la Terre. Une pluie infernale fine qui colorerait en rouge nos fleuves et rivières et favoriserait le développement des algues bleues/vertes consommant l'oxygène dissout dans l'eau et produisant une neurotoxine mortelle appelé microcystin.
Schreibersite is a rare iron nickel phosphide mineral, (Fe,Ni)3P, found in iron-nickel meteorites. Another name used for the mineral is rhabdite. It forms tetragonal crystals with perfect 001 cleavage. Its color ranges from bronze to brass yellow to silver white. It has a density of 7.5 and a hardness of 6.5 - 7. It is opaque with a metallic luster and a dark gray streak.
Physical Properties: Cleavage: Perfect on {001}; another, prismatic, on {010} or {110},imperfect. Tenacity: Very brittle. Hardness = 6.5–7 D(meas.) = 7.0–7.3 D(calc.) = 7.12–7.44,
Strongly magnetic.
Citation:
Sorte de substance ferrugineuse, dont la composition atomique est celle d'un phosphure double de fer et de nickel, et qui se trouve dans certains aérolithes.
Therefore, under phosphorus-rich conditions, when nitrogen may be limited, blue-green cyanobacteria algae have a competitive advantage because they can utilize ("fix") nitrogen directly.
Cyanobacteria can also successfully compete against other groups of such as green algae and diatoms because they can store phosphorus for later use, and are not preferred as food by zooplankton (microscopic animals), larval fish and other animals that graze on many kinds of algae.
In fresh water systems, many blooms are due to members of the cyanobacteria family. They can grow so profusely that they can impart an objectionable odor, taste, and appearance to the water. Many of these cyanobacteria release toxins into the water, causing health concerns in both animals and humans. People and aninals exposed to the cyanobacteria, blue-green, algal blooms by swimming in affected lakes or rivers have experienced skin irritations, allergic reactions, gastrointestinal symptoms, and respiratory problems.
Pasek, M.A. (2006). A radical pathway for organic phosphorylation during schreibersite corrosion with implications for the origin of life. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 71(7):1721-1736.
Pasek, M.A. (2007).
Experimental and petrologic studies of schreibersite corrosion
.. Meteoritical Society Meeting. Tucson.
Since nearly all P on the surface of the Earth is orthophosphate, schreibersite corrosion products may serve as an indicator of extraterrestrial impacts
.
Finally, schreibersite was a highly reactive source of P on the early Earth and may have primed the environment with reduced P compounds, which react with organics to form phosphorylated compounds, enabling the origin of life. Several species of bacteria can use reduced P as their sole P source [4], which may be an
ancient genetic indicator of the environment of the early Earth
A. V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R, Moscow, U.S.S.R.
Abstract The formation of the solar system is considered from the physico-chemical point of view. The main role in the process is ascribed to heavy metals and to the surface tension that had arisen as a result of appearance of a liquid layer of fused substance in the equatorial region of the protostar. The formation of the liquid layer was caused by the transfer of fused substance droplets under the action of centrifugal forces in the direction of the protostar surface. Due to the surface tension the prevalence of the centrifugal forces over the gravitational ones was able to reach the value when the density differentiation of the substance began to take place under the effect of the centrifugal forces, and accumulation of heavy metals proceeded in outermost equatorial region of the protostar. As a result the disk has been formed and a liquid ring was separated from the protostar. Later explosions on the young Sun sent parts of the hardened ring which possessed the first cosmic velocity to different distances away from the Sun. In such a way planets, their satellites, asteroids, meteorites and comets were formed. The physical characteristics of planets, the parameters of their orbits, and the data on the structure of meteorites are consistent with ideas developed in the paper.
Depuis 2004, nous avons développé de nouvelles applications de EMMA, telles que : – la recherche et l'utilisation d'une contamination micrométéoritique sur Mars; –
le rôle du kérogène des micrométéorites dans la synthèse de pétrole abiotique dans l’Hadéen, qui aurait servi de base à une nouvelle soupe prébiotique (indispensable à la synthèse des macromolécules géantes de la vie précellulaire). – les études des effets
de fortes fluences d'ions lourds solaires dans le cycle de vie des micrométéorites
, qui interviennent dans la composition chimique et isotopique des gaz rares présents dans l'atmosphère et le manteau terrestre, et dans la formation et la survie des minéraux réfractaires les plus anciens du système solaire.
La période 2004-2006 est jalonnée par deux faits marquants concernant: – une validation supplémentaire de EMMA à la suite des analyses de 0.2 µg de poussière de la comète Wild 2 ramenés sur Terre par la Mission Stardust, et qui confirment que les poussières cométaires sont semblables aux AMMs; – la discussion détaillée de nos résultats et de leurs perspectives d'avenir dans un livre de 330 pages, et dans le chapitre d’un autre livre, qui ont tous deux été publiés en2006
The exploitation of AMMs through a scenario coined “EMMA” (Early MicroMeteorite
Accretion)
unexpectedly allowed tackling a surprising variety of problems, such as: – the origin of the air and water of our blue planet
; – the crucial chemical pathways in prebiotic chemistry that led from the small molecules of cosmic chemistry (they are relatively easy to make) to the synthesis of the giant
EMMA predicts that the total mass of Hadean hydrouscarbonaceous micrometeorites, which survived unmelted upon atmospheric entry and got deposited on the ocean floor, was about 5 x 10 23 g. Upon further burial in sediments they behaved as "source rock" of petroleum.
Le pétrole, Un dossier riche et bien construit sur Karmapolis :
http://www.karmapolis.be/pipeline/petrole.html
[quote]Développée dans les années cinquante par des géologues russes et ukrainiens, la théorie « abiotique », en opposition au terme « biologique», réfute l’hypothèse selon laquelle le pétrole provient de détritus biologiques fossilisés et affirme qu’il dérive de molécules hydrocarbonées qui furent emprisonnées dans la croûte terrestre lors de la formation de la terre, il y a 4,5 milliards d’années. Le pétrole se serait donc formé à partir de la roche cristalline précambrienne et non de fossiles. [quote]
[3] Tungunska et les NEOs. Le centenaire d’un évènement précurseur?
On the morning of June 30th, 1908 at 7.17 AM, over a remote and obscure region of Siberia known as Tunguska, fire rained down from the sky and a detonation with the force of a thousand Hiroshima bombs sent shock waves that reverberated round the globe.
The Tunguska blast is also a klaxon sounding a dire warning of things to come for our generation and our descendents. We must heed this call.
Does humanity face the prospect of a celestial 9/11?
Our ancestors may have witnessed global catastrophes that, today are lost in the mist of time and only dimly remembered in the myths and legends they weaved to explain traumatic episodes beyond their comprehension. These myths and tales may contain proverbial lessons key to our survival as a species
.
But, are impact events solely confined to the remote and ancient eras of terrestrial history before the advent of humanity and its immediate ancestors? The answer appears to be a resounding – No, as loud as the concussion over Tunguska a century ago.
Was the prehistoric structure of Stonehenge in fact built as part of an early warning system of impending celestial bombardment and are the so called Long Barrows associated with it prehistoric ‘air-raid’ shelters? Was Stonehenge built to keep watch over a ranging and rampaging celestial bull known today as the astronomical constellation of Taurus.
ScienceDaily (July 3, 2008) — Geological evidence found in Ohio and Indiana in recent weeks is strengthening the case to attribute what happened 12,900 years ago in North America -- when the end of the last Ice Age unexpectedly turned into a phase of extinction for animals and humans – to a cataclysmic comet or asteroid explosion over top of Canada.
Mais d’où viennent les NEOs? Au passage on notera l’effet Yarkovsky et la taxonomie Tholen à retenir.
The question of NEO origin is also not well understood. We know that the present NEOs have typical life-times of 10-100 My (much shorter than the age of the Solar System), and that over these time scales NEOs are ejected from the Solar System or collide with the Sun or a planet. Because the cratering record on the Moon suggests a fairly constant NEO population during past 2 billion years, new NEOs must be continuously supplied by some sources in order to maintain the present steady state. The principal one is the Main Belt, where gravitational perturbations by the major planets cause dynamical resonances which provide escape routes. The second source is represented by extinct comets (
objects coming from the Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud
). An example is the asteroid Apollo 4015 which was the comet Wilson Harrington in 1949. It is not clear, however, what the efficiency of the delivery mechanisms is, and what percentage of the NEOs we observe today comes from the one or from the other source. One way of addressing many issues related to NEOs is to characterise them
spectroscopically in order to derive their mineralogy and to classify them taxonomically
. Owing to their heterogeneity it is evident the importance to carry on a large survey in order to investigate the physical properties of an as large as possible sample of NEOs.
the NEO population looks younger, in average, as the number of intersection with inner planets orbit.
This led us to study the efficiency of a possible resurfacing effect due to close and/or very close encounters of asteroids with one or more inner planet. A more quantitative assessment of the (tidal) effect of a close encounter to remove the space weathered surface layers of a typical km-sized asteroid is required.
The Yarkovsky Effect The Yarkovsky effect is a force felt by a body caused by the anisotropic emission of thermal photons, which carry momentum. meteoroids or small asteroids (about 10 cm to 10 km in diameter), as its influence is most significant for these bodies. The effect was discovered by Ivan Osipovich Yarkovsky (1844-1902). Yarkovsky noted that the diurnal heating of a rotating object in space would cause [B]a small force on the object that could lead to large long-term effects in its orbits.
This would affect especially meteoroids and small asteroids. Yarkovsky’s idea was then recalled by Ernst J. Opik (1893-1985) who discussed the possible importance of the Yarkovsky effect for moving meteoroids about the solar system (1951).
The YORP Effect The Yarkovsky-O’Keefe-Radzievskii-Paddack effect, or YORP effect for short, is a second-order variation on the Yarkovsky effect which causes a small body (such as an asteroid) to spin up or down. The term was coined by Dr. David P. Rubincam in 2000.
1.2. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF MINOR PLANETS
Most important mineral species present in asteroid spectra are: olivine, pyroxene (clino- and ortho-pyroxene), Iron-Nickel (Fe Ni) metal, spinel, feldspar and hydrated phyllosilicates and organic compounds. Since they are characterised by unique composition or limited compositional differences, each of them produces a
characteristic reflectance spectrum with, in some cases, particular spectral features. Most asteroids are composed of mixture of these minerals
Summary of Tholen’s Taxonomy
A Extremely reddish shortward of 0.7 ¼m; strong absorption feature longward of 0.7 ¼m, centred near the 1.05 ¼m. Albedo: moderately high.
B Higher albedo variant of C class with a tendency toward lower reflectivities at the red end of the spectrum. Albedo: moderately low.
C UV absorption feature shortward of 0.4 ¼m, generally flat to slightly reddish longward of 0.4 ¼m. Albedo: low.
D Generally featureless spectrum; neutral to slightly reddish shortward of 0.55 ¼m, very red long- ward of 0.55 ¼m. Albedo: low.
E Featureless spectrum; flat to slightly reddish over entire 0.3 to 1.1 ¼m range; differs from the spectrally identical M and P classes in albedo only. Albedo: high.
F Featureless spectrum; flat to slightly bluish over entire 0.3 to 1.1 ¼m range; differs from the C class in the weakness of the UV absorption feature. Albedo: low.
G Very strong UV absorption feature shortward of 0.4 ¼m, flat longward of 0.4 ¼m; differs from the C in the strength of the UV absorption feature. Albedo: low.
M Featureless spectrum; flat to slightly reddish over entire 0.3 to 1.1 ¼m range; differs from the spectrally identical E and P classes in albedo only. Albedo: moderate.
P Featureless spectrum; flat to slightly reddish over entire 0.3 to 1.1 ¼m range; spectra are intermediate between C and D classes. Albedo: low.
Q Strong absorption features shortward and longward of 0.7 ¼m; band centred between those of A and V classes (1862 Apollo is the type example). Albedo: moderately high.
R Strong absorption features shortward and longward of 0.7 ¼m; band centre between those of A and V classes (349 Dembowska is the type example). Albedo: moderately high.
S Moderate to strong absorption feature shortward of 0.7 ¼m, and moderate to nonexistent absorption feature longward of 0.7 ¼m. Albedo: moderate.
T Moderate absorption feature shortward of 0.85 ¼m and generally flat longward of 0.85 ¼m.Albedo: low.
V Strong absorption feature shortward of 0.7 ¼m and strong absorption feature longward of 0.7 ¼m, centred near 0.95 ¼m. Albedo: moderately high.
I Used for inconsistent data (e.g. a low albedo but an A-type spectrum).
K This letter has been reserved to represent a class of objects similar to 221 Eos.
U Appended to the classifications of those objects that fall far from the cluster centre,indicating an unusual spectrum for that class.
X The class for the degenerate E, M and P classes when albedos are not available.
Class Possible Meteorite Analogues
A Olivine Achondrites Pallasides Olivine-metal partial melt residues
B CI1-type assemblages
C CI1 and CM2 Chondrites
D Tagish Lake meteorite Organic-olivine cosmic dust particles
E Enstatite Achondrites Iron-bearing Enstatite Fe-bearing Aubrites
F CI1 and CM2 assemblages (organic-rich)
G Highly leached CI1-type assemblages
K CV3 and CO3 Chondrites
M Iron meteorites Enstatite Chondrites
P Organic-olivine cosmic dust particles
Q Ordinary Chondrites
R Olivine-pyroxene cumulates
S Ordinary Chondrites Pallasites with accessory pyOlivine-dominated stony-Iron
T Troilite-rich iron
V Howardites Eucrites Diogenites
Theories that many megalithic sites began life as some form of 'early-warning systems' for imminent impacts of cosmic debris from the break up of a giant comet are only just beginning to get a proper hearing. Such theories, if proven, could help not only to date these monuments, but illustrate how well their builders were oriented in time and space. The simple appreciation that the Earth orbited the Sun and periodically passes through trails or streams of cosmic debris suggests that some ancient peoples could well have been far more aware of the position of the Earth in the solar system, and the dynamics of the solar system, than has previously been suspected.
Dr. Duncan Steel, then of Spaceguard Australia, presented a paper to the Society for Inter-Disciplinary Studies conference at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge, in July of 1997, in which he gave details of his research suggesting that the earlier 'henge circle' which preceded the stone circles at Stonehenge, could have been deliberately constructed to function as a 'cosmic impact early warning system'.
"A cataclysmic shower of giant meteors destroyed the great Bronze Age civilisations in Egypt, Mesopotamia and Greece by provoking a series of natural disasters."
" ... has collided with the Earth about every 3000 years."
Both Steel and Clube agree about the cosmic origins of the cataclysms that happened around 2350 BC, and The Sunday Times article explained that the meteor which exploded over Siberia in June 1908 had:
" ... yielded the energy of 2000 Hiroshima nuclear bombs."
In the 1950's and 1960's, Immanuel Velikovsky wrote of cosmic impacts in his books "Worlds in Collision" and "Earth in Upheaval". Indeed he is credited with setting many modern skywatchers off on a path that has seen a rapid increase in travellers in the past twenty years, and though many of his ideas are treated with derision by the academic community, the seminal influence of his pioneering theories are undeniable - his books began a prehistory debate which is still 'very hot', and getting hotter still at the start of the 21st century.
Astronomical hypotheses for the purpose(s) of megalithic monuments have mostly been implicitly based upon an assumption that the designers witnessed the same phenomena as those we observe in the sky today. This assumption is not well-based for phenomena having time-constants of order centuries or millennia, such as the populations of comets and meteoroids in the inner solar system and the ephemeral meteor showers and storms which they produce on the Earth. IRAS observations have indicated that Comet Encke has a trail (not tail) of debris some tens of millions of kilometres long, presumably produced since its latest period of activity began about 200 years ago. One may further presume that the Taurid meteor showers we observe in this epoch are the result of the dispersal of trails produced in previous activity cycles which must stretch back to about 20,000 yr ago. When the comet, accompanied by such a trail, has a node close to 1 AU, one expects intense meteor storms to occur, perhaps accompanied by multiple Tunguska-type events if the disintegrating comet spawns massive lumps of debris. Determination of the epochs of such events from backwards integrations is impossible due to (i) Chaotic orbital evolution; and (ii) Non-gravitational forces, but pairs of intersections (one at the ascending node, the other descending) are to be expected a few centuries apart and separated by 2500-3000 years. It is suggested here that one such pair occurred in 3600-3500 and 3200-3100 BC, provoking the construction of the Great Cursus and Stonehenge I. From Stonehenge I, apparently the first construction at the famous site, as the comet neared the Earth it would have appeared to rise in the evening with a huge bright stripe crossing much of the sky, originating in the north-east. Passage through the trail would then result in celestial fireworks (and maybe worse); afterwards the comet and trail would have passed in the direction of the Sun, partially blocking sunlight for a few days. In order for terrestrial intersection to have occurred in that epoch (late fourth millennium BC) the mean orbital period of the comet over the past 5,000 years would need to have been slightly less than at present, and might then be expected to have produced a 19 year periodicity in meteor storm events (six cometary periods).
Sacralisation de la Salle des Taureaux
Chaque soir solsticial d'été, une heure avant celle prévue pour son coucher, l'astre du jour venant de gauche, en face de la grotte approche de l'entrée.
Atteignant le lieu le plus haut du firmament de l’hémisphère boréal, il est comme de tous temps en cette place que les Sumériens nommaient "le point ardent des cieux".
A 21 h 00 il arrive contre la porte de la grotte. En cet ultime instant précédant sa chute, comme depuis des millénaires, le luminaire glorifie l'ouverture vers les profondeurs de la terre.
"Gloire à toi, Ré, suprême puissance, qui illumine les corps, qui est à l’Horizon.
Toi qui entres dans ta Grotte."
Ce réceptacle terrestre, élu par le Paléolithique qui lui a confié sa créativité, sa sensibilité et sa virtuosité, s’ouvrait à la lumière de l’astre-roi. Rouge flamboyant, il faisait disparaître l’ombre au sein de la terre-mère. Son éclat sublimé redonnait vie dans la salle des taureaux à la farandole animale née d’un esprit aussi lumineux que lui, pendant que ceux du diverticule axial bondissaient.
Offert aux Magdaléniens initiés, c’était le jeu perpétuel de la lumière du soleil avec l’ombre de la terre ; c’était aussi le rite annuel renouvelable et prévisible par ceux qui avaient cette connaissance, l’autorité et la puissance. Toutes réalités astronomiques spectaculaires, qui déjà au Néolithique, étaient à l’origine des mythes fondateurs et de renaissance.
Les animaux de ce sanctuaire étaient-ils les dieux paléolithiques accompagnant la course solaire au sein de la terre-mère ?
Étaient-ils ici présents pour assurer la renaissance future du roi du ciel ?
Noble gas space exposure ages of individual interplanetary dust particles
Karl KEHM1, 2*, George J. FLYNN3, and Charles M. HOHENBERG4
These results demonstrate the utility of noble gas measurements in constraining models for the origins of interplanetary dust particles.
Interactive comment on “Noble gas signature of the late heavy bombardment in the Earth’s atmosphere” by B. Marty and A. Meibom
Abstract
Most of the biosphere was brought on the primitive Earth by an intense bombardment of comets. This included the atmosphere, the seawater and those volatile carbon compounds needed for the emergence of life. Comets were thrown into the inner Solar System by the strong perturbation induced by the growth of the giant planets' cores. The bulk of the Earth's bombardment came from those comets that accreted in Jupiter's zone, where the original deuterium enrichment had been diminished by steam coming from the hot, inner parts of the Solar System. This steam had condensed into icy chunks before their accretion into larger cometary nuclei. In contrast, comets that accreted in the zones of the outer giant planets kept their interstellar isotopic enrichments. Those comets contributed to the Earth's bombardment for a small amount only; they were mostly ejected into the Oort cloud and are the major source of the long-period comets observed today. The short-period comets, which come from the Kuiper Belt, should also have the same interstellar enrichment. The deuterium enrichment of seawater, accurately predicted by the previous scenario, has become one of the best telltales for the cometary origin of our biosphere. This cometary origin may have far-reaching cosmological consequences, in particular for the origin of life in other planetary systems.
They get a small proportion of volatile-rich material (0.5%), enough to bring some of these volatiles in the atmosphere, in particular Ar and Kr.
Therefore, the problem of isotopic ratios of the atmosphere versus the ones
of the Kuiper-belt objects has to be discussed. These major comments are detailed
below. Nevertheless, this is a very interesting paper that should be published with
major corrections, including better discussion of the hypothesis and the consequences for isotopic ratios.
[6] Catastrophismes et l'origine de l'eau sur Terre.
That Earth is wet is obvious. In Hawaii, we live surrounded by a deep ocean of liquid water that extends for thousands of miles in all directions. But where did all this water come from? One idea is that steam rose from the hot young Earth much as we see steam rising from the volcanoes on the Big Island today. However, studies of the composition of magmas suggest that when Earth formed it was too hot for much water to be included in its rocks. Instead, many astronomers suspect that some of the water was delivered to Earth by impacting bodies sometime after Earth's formation.
Astronomers at the Institute for Astronomy are undertaking studies that relate to the origin of Earth's oceans in surprising ways. One hypothesis is that comets, known to be bodies rich in water ice, sometimes collide with Earth to deliver their water. IfA astronomers Tobias Owen, Roland Meier (now at Xerox Corp. in Switzerland), and I are among those who have examined this possibility by making detailed measurements of the isotopes of hydrogen in cometary water. We and others have found that comets have about two times more deuterium (hydrogen with an extra neutron) than ocean water. This discrepancy, although based on measurements of only three comets, seems to argue that these comets cannot be the dominant source of Earth's oceans.
A second problem is that typical comets, like those visible to the naked eye every few years, are too small to do the job: these objects are a few miles across and carry only a few billion tons of water each. Roughly a billion such comets would be needed to deliver Earth's water. The oceans contain about a million trillion tons of water, corresponding to a comet roughly 600 miles in diameter (a sphere roughly ten times the size of the Big Island). No such large comets are presently known. Are there places in the solar system where these megacomets might be found?
The answer is provided by other research ongoing at the IfA, and it is a definite "yes." The Kuiper Belt, discovered in 1992 by Jane Luu and me with the UH 2.2-meter telescope, is the region of the solar system starting at the orbit of Neptune and extending out to a few thousand astronomical units from the Sun. Previously thought to be empty, this region is now known to be occupied by vast numbers of objects that are within reach of the telescopes on Mauna Kea. Included are perhaps 50,000 to 100,000 ice-rich objects larger than 60 miles in diameter, and dozens as big as 600 miles. Dynamical calculations show that Kuiper Belt objects are occasionally dislodged from their trans-Neptunian orbits, and spiral in toward the Sun, where they begin to sublimate and are relabeled as comets by Earth-based observers. On their way, a small fraction may collide with Earth and other planets. The calculations also show that the modern-day Kuiper Belt is but a shadow of its former self. The number of Kuiper Belt objects originally present was 100 times larger than now, making it an even better source of water-carrying comets in the early days of the solar system.
A Kuiper Belt source of water might explain the discrepancy between the measured cometary and oceanic deuterium abundances. The three measured comets were formed at a different place and at a higher temperature than the comets in the Kuiper Belt. For these reasons, their deuterium values may not be representative of the lower temperatures that prevail in the more distant Kuiper Belt. How can we tell? What are needed are accurate measurements of the deuterium abundance in the so-called Jupiter-family comets, whose origin lies in the Kuiper Belt. We hope to take such measurements using the James Clerk Maxwell and Submillimeter Array telescopes on Mauna Kea when a suitably bright Jupiter-family comet appears. Unfortunately, bright Jupiter-family comets are exceedingly rare, so we could be in for a long wait.
A second route relies on the study of the inert "noble" gases, which might also be supplied, in part, by comets. However, the noble gases have very subtle observational signatures, and their study must probably await the investigation of comets and Kuiper Belt objects by spacecraft.
Meanwhile, next time you drink water or go for a swim, keep in mind that we don't know where that water came from. NASA has just awarded a $5 million grant to scientists at UH so they can try to find out.
Moreover several red surfaces of small NEOs have been observed (Marchi et al. 2005; Marchi et al. 2006).
The relatively low value of Xe/
Kr
in the atmospheres of Earth and Mars seems to rule out meteorites as the major carriers of noble gases to the inner planets. Laboratory experiments on the trapping of gases in ice forming at low temperatures suggest that comets may be a better choice. It is then possible to develop a model for the origin of inner planet atmospheres based on volatiles delivered by comets added to volatiles originally trapped in planetary rocks. The model will be tested by results from the Galileo Entry Probe.
R.L. Allen, B. Gladman, J.J. Kavelaars, J.-M. Petit, J.Wm. Parker, and P. Nicholson. Discovery of a low-eccentricity, high-inclination Kuiper Belt object at 58 AU. Astrophys. J., Lett., 640(1):L83-L86, 2006.
More likely is that this discovery is a member of an as-yet poorly characterized very high-i group. Because of the presence of other very highly-inclined TNOs in the classical belt and the scattered disk, it is unclear if the highest-inclination population is especially concentrated in the extended scattered disk or if it extends throughout the Kuiper belt.
Generally, objects produced with high inclination in these models also have high eccentricities, which make it difficult to produce 2004 XR190. Typically the stellar passage scenarios leave behind an extended scattered disk in which the mean inclination of the Extended Scattered Disk objects (ESDOs) rises as one moves to larger semimajor axes. With the addition of 2004 XR190 to the suite of ESDOs 1995 TL8, 2000 YW134, 2000 CR105, and 2003 VB12/Sedna (Gladman et al. 2002; Morbidelli et al. 2004), the current trend appears to be the opposite. While the lower-a ESDOs should indeed be detected in greater numbers first (due to distance/flux
detection biases), the lack of high-i ESDOs with a > 100 AU might be viewed as a problem for stellar passage models.
The planetary picture that is emerging is that Earth was formed with very little water, or no water at all. The hydration of Earth came from comets and some hydrous asteroids. These sources are the Kuiper belt out past Neptune and the Oort cloud on the edges of our solar system. Comets are one of the most primitive members of our universe and due to their remoteness and small size have not undergone much chemical change; they are frozen fossils of a long past epoch. While asteroids are more numerous (70% of visitations to comets 30%) they contain little water, mainly rock and metal.
Tantalizing speculation is that some of these comets may have incubated in the Jovian sub-nebula in the space around the gas planets of Neptune, Saturn and Jupiter. Out there some of their chemistry altered to become enriched with the six noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and radon) and form the different types of water that makes life on Earth possible, such as heavy water and regular light water we live with.
Chupa Amiral de la ceinture de Kuiper
Inscrit le: 21 Septembre 2006
Messages: 903
Localisation: Pas de calais
Posté le:
Lun Juil 28, 2008 5:02 pm
Dossier qui a l'air très interessant mais qui est encore une fois en anglais. Un petit effort de traduction pour aider à la compréhension de nous non bilingue aurait été sympas
Désolé pour les nombreuses références en anglais. Il y a toujours le traducteur:
http://fr.babelfish.yahoo.com/
même si ce n'est pas toujours bien fameux.
Il y a toutefois des articles en français dans le lot et notamment le dossier de Karmapolis sur le pétrole abiotique que je vous conseille particulièrement.
anakin_nEo Belliger luminis
Inscrit le: 07 Janvier 2004
Messages: 18575
Localisation: gg
Posté le:
Mer Juil 30, 2008 11:35 pm
merci m51m51
l'hypothese abiotique avait ete effleuree ici
il ya deja longtemps
Instead, the new study suggests that cosmic material from asteroid belts between Mars and Jupiter can migrate outward in the solar system and mix with the more primitive materials found at the fringes.
FIREBALL OUTBURST: Yes, it pays to watch the sky. This morning, Sept. 9th, with no warning whatsoever, a flurry of bright fireballs appeared over eastern parts of the United States. "Our SENTINEL all-sky camera picked up 25 bright meteors in a shower that began at 0620 UT and lasted approximately 4 hours," reports NASA astronomer Bill Cooke of the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. This video "frame-stack" shows the outburst at a glance:
13 Sep 2008 03:25:00 AM IST
HOSUR: Villagers near Hosur panicked when two giant stones possibly meteorites fell from the sky on Friday morning.
According to police sources, 50-kg stone fell from the sky at Ullukuruki village around 8.30 am. The impact created a threefoot deep and five-foot wide crater.
Eyewitnesses Doraiswamy and Padbhmanan said that the stone fell from the sky with loud noise. They also said that heavy smoke appeared in the sky when the stone hit the ground.
At the same time, another stone of the same size fell in similar style in Ranthnapalli village, which is very close to Ullukuruki village, police said.
Revenue officials recovered the stones and kept it in the taluk office in Hosur.
pour timidement ca et la nous dire qu'il etait toujours la et un peu plusgrnd parfois
cette annee on nous dit qu'il augmente plus vite que d'autres annees
.. que croire ?
et doit on y voir un effet extra terrestre ?
on notera aussi que les dangers de la disparition de la couchene sont pas rappeles
en particulier plusieurs zones en hiver (decembre a mars en moyenne) voient leur couche se reduire voire disparaitre, bien sur il ya le sud du chili ou de l'argentine ..et quelqes coins australiens ou tasmaniens
mais
cela vaut aussi pour l'hemisphere nord.. ainsi il ya deux ans la couche avait completement disparu au dessu de la belgique...quelques jours
les consequences sont
flux d'uv tres agressifs avec comme consequences affaiblissement des systemes immunitaires, problemes aux yeux et allergies
on n'en parle pas assez de ces flux saisonniers
enfin bref
au dela le soleil est toujours en bas de cycle et ne semblepas vouloir se reamorcer
mais nous mesurons le soleil depuis trop peu de temps que pour en avoir une connaissance suffisante
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